Saliva : Systemic Diseases , Systemic Conditions

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Salivasaliva : Systemic Diseases
Salivary glands and saliva composition affected directly or indirectly, and these changes may contribute to the diagnosis and early detection of disease.Abnormal secretions that are present in CF cystic fibrosis causes the physician to explore the usefulness of saliva for disease diagnosis. Most studies agree that the saliva of CF patients contains increased calcium (calcium resulted in aggregation of proteins that cause saliva turbidity and phosphate levels that could explain the higher incidence of calculus, more neutral lipids, phospholipids and glycolipids, as a consequence of physico-chemical properties modified saliva in this disease, the increase in urea, uric acid, and total protein, particularly in the submandibular saliva . Saliva from CF
patients were found to contain an unusual form of the epidermal growth factor (EGF and abnormal levels increased prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2).The morning salivary levels of 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) was reported to be an excellent screening test for the diagnosis of non-classical 21-hydroxylase deficiency . Sjögren's syndrome (SS), an autoimmune exocrinopathy of unknown etiology, reduction of tear and saliva secretion was observed, associated with keratoconjunctivitis sicca and xerostomia. Sialochemistry also be used to assist in the diagnosis of SS: increasing concentrations of sodium and chloride, elevated levels of IgA, IgG, lactoferrin, albumin, inflammatory mediators, ie, eicosanoid, PGE 2, thromboxane B2, and interleukin-6-have been reported, and the concentration phosphate decreased. Reduced salivary flow is clinically important and can cause a variety of oral signs and symptoms, such as progressive dental caries, fungal infections, oral pain, and dysphagia. Dentists usually the first to encounter patients ]. Salivary analysis is more accurate than the blood to detect cancer. It is well known that for most cancers, successful treatment depends on early detection and successful prevention depends on an accurate evaluation of risk. One of the most important mission of this treatment is to translate newly emerging molecular knowledge into practical clinical tests to detect cancer and cancer risk. p53 is a tumor suppressor protein produced in cells exposed to various types of stress that damages DNA. Inactivation of this suppressor gene through mutation and deletions occur frequently considered in the development of human cancer. The p53 antibody can be detected in the serum of patients with various types of malignancies in saliva of patients diagnosed with oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Elevated levels of salivary defensins, peptides that have antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties established in azurophil granules of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) were detected in patients with oral SCC]. Many studies have shown that there are differences in mRNA expression patterns in saliva that would indicate the presence of developing SCC. Salivary mRNA can function as a chemical signature that certain genes have been disclosed. Aberrant gene promoter methylation of DNA derived from cells exfoliated oral mucosal samples of whole saliva has also been reported to show that this can form the basis of a screening test . This has proved useful for both biomarker profiles and forensic identification. Increased levels of tumor markers recognized c-ErbB-2 (ERB) and cancer antigen 15-3 (CA15-3) was found in the saliva of women who were diagnosed with breast carcinoma, compared with patients with benign lesions and healthy controls and thus seems more promising for screening and early detection of breast cancer. CA 125 is a tumor marker for epithelial ovarian cancer. Higher levels of salivary CA 125 was detected in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer . In c ardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death worldwide, if low levels of salivary amylase in postoperative patients with aortic aneurysm rupture, there was a corresponding increase in mortality, Therefore, salivary amylase seems to be the endpoint of a more direct and simple activity of catecholamines from changes in heart rate when evaluating patients under various stress conditions]. Saliva can be analyzed as part of the evaluation of endocrine function . Measurement of salivary hormone levels is clinically important if they accurately reflect serum hormone levels if there is a constant correlation between salivary and serum levels or hormones]. Monitoring of salivary testosterone levels can also be useful in studies of aggressive behavior, depression, abuse, and violence and antisocial behavior ]. Saliva levels reflect the levels of steroid hormones, free, and thus active of these hormones (while blood measurement that best reflects the level of total). Currently, the following steroids can be accurately assessed in saliva: aldosterone, insulin, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone, estradiol, estriol, progesterone and testosterone.
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