Saliva : Infectious Diseases

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Infectious diseases@ : Aliva viral diseases. S is superior to serum and urine for both sensitivity and specificity in testing for HIV infection, human herpes virus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis C virus. The basis for many diagnostic tests in virology is the antibody response to infection. Saliva contains immunoglobulins (Ig) derived from two sources: the salivary glands and serum. The dominant Ig in saliva is secretory IgA (sIgA), which is derived from plasma cells in salivary glands, and are certain key immune defense mechanism in saliva]. In contrast, salivary IgM and IgG mainly derived from serum through GCF, and present in lower concentrations in saliva than IgA. Antibodies against viruses and viral components can be detected in saliva and may assist in the diagnosis of
acute viral infection, congenital infection, and reactivation of infection. Saliva was found to be a useful alternative to serum for the diagnosis of viral hepatitis, acute hepatitis A (HAV), B (HBV).For newborns, the salivary IgA response was found to be a better marker of rotavirus (RV) infection than serum antibody response and can be used to monitor the immune response to vaccination and infection with RV].Salivary IgA levels decreased as HIV-infected patients show symptoms. It is suggested that detection of IgA antibodies to HIV in saliva may, therefore, be a prognostic indicator for the progress of HIV infection. In conclusion, the collection and analysis of saliva offers a simple, safe, well tolerated, and accurate method for diagnosis of HIV infection. Non-invasive nature in which samples were collected eliminates the risk of infection inherent in collecting blood samples .
@: Bacterial infections Saliva is very useful for (diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori (associated with peptic ulcer disease), detection of disease caused by dental plaque, namely dental caries, gingivitis, periodontal disease ]. In principle, this application seems to saliva-based diagnostics worthy!Detection, measurement, and monitoring of drugMany of the analysis, including drug abuse, can be measured in saliva and oral fluids. Particularly useful where the "yes / no" is required, based on oral fluid tests find wide use in the detection of drugs, including alcohol, amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cocaine, various inhalants, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), marijuana, opioids, phencyclidine ( PCP), and tobacco use of saliva for drug monitoring, and detection of drugs, has grown unusually .. this time, saliva can be used to detect and / or monitor nicotine, cannabinoids, cocaine, phencyclidine, opioids, barbiturates, diazepines, amphetamines and ethanol (m ost recently, law enforcement agencies have hired saliva-based tests for the evaluation of edge alcohol and street level at hospital emergency departments as a means of quickly to determine whether impaired consciousness associated with alcohol poisoning).
Again and again about tobacco! Use of, or exposure to tobacco (through "passive" or "second hand" smoke) is now routinely measured by quantitation of salivary levels of nicotine similar permission and as a plasma half-life values. Monitoring of salivary nicotine levels have been proven useful in monitoring self-reported in accordance with the smoking cessation program. Salivary levels of nicotine found indications of active and passive smoking. Saliva thiocyanate also found to be an indicator of smoking [86], however, levels of nicotine is considered the most reliable marker . An adequate intake may help smokers to avoid cigarette smoke-induced oxidative damage and to prevent degenerative diseases .. Smoking causes a decrease in salivary levels of important antioxidant enzyme activity and loss of saliva with antioxidant action can be regarded as one of the mechanisms of the toxic effects of CS initiate oral inflammatory diseases, promote the transformation of precancerous oral cavity and damage homeostasis.
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